Isingeniso emishinini yokudla
Imboni yokudla iyimboni yokuqala enkulu embonini yezokukhiqiza emhlabeni.Kulolu chungechunge lwezimboni olwandisiwe, izinga lesimanje lokucubungula ukudla, ukuphepha kokudla kanye nokupakishwa kokudla kuhlobene ngqo nezinga lempilo yabantu futhi kuwuphawu olubalulekile olubonisa izinga lentuthuko yezwe.Kusukela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe, ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula, imikhiqizo eqediwe, ukupakishwa kuya ekusetshenzisweni kokugcina, yonke inqubo yokugeleza iyinkimbinkimbi, ixhumanisa, isixhumanisi ngasinye singenakuhlukaniswa nokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nesiteji sokuhweba ukugeleza kolwazi.
1, Umqondo wemishini yokudla kanye nezigaba
Imishini yokudla ingeyemikhiqizo yezolimo kanye neseceleni njengezinto ezingavuthiwe zokucubungula imikhiqizo edliwayo esetshenziswa ekufakweni kwemishini kanye nemishini.Imboni yokucubungula ukudla ihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zomhlabathi, njengoshukela, iziphuzo, imikhiqizo yobisi, amakhekhe, uswidi, amaqanda, imifino, izithelo, imikhiqizo yasemanzini, amafutha namafutha, izinongo, ukudla kwe-bento, imikhiqizo yesoya, inyama, utshwala, ukudla okusemathinini. , njll., imboni ngayinye inemishini yokucubungula ehambisanayo.Ngokusho kokusebenza kwemishini yokudla ingahlukaniswa ngemishini yokudla yenhloso ejwayelekile kanye nemishini ekhethekile yokudla izigaba ezimbili.Imishini ejwayelekile yokudla, ehlanganisa imishini yokulahla impahla eluhlaza (njengokuhlanza, ukususa ukuxutshwa, ukuhlukanisa nokukhethwa kwemishini nezinto zokusebenza), imishini eqinile kanye nempushana yokulahla (efana nokuchoboza, ukusika, ukuchoboza imishini nezinto zokusebenza), imishini yokulahla uketshezi (okufana njengemishini yokuhlukanisa izigaba eziningi, ukuxuba imishini, okokusebenza kwe-homogenizer emulsification, imishini yokulinganisa ubuningi be-liquid, njll.), okokusebenza okomisa (njengezinhlobonhlobo zokucindezela komkhathi kanye nemishini yokomisa i-vacuum), okokusebenza kokubhaka (kuhlanganise nohlobo lwebhokisi elingaguquki, Imishini yokubhaka eyi-Rotary, i-chain-belt) kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zamathangi asetshenziswa enqubweni yokucubungula.
2, Imishini yokudla evame ukusetshenziswa izinto
Ukukhiqizwa kokudla kunendlela yayo eyingqayizivele, ebonakala ngokuthi: ukuthintana namanzi, imishini engaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu;ngokuvamile isebenze emazingeni okushisa aphezulu noma aphansi, imishini emazingeni okushisa endaweni ezungezile;ukuthintana ngqo nokudla kanye nabezindaba ezonakalisayo, ukuguga nokuklebhuka kwemishini emikhulu.Ngakho-ke, ekukhethweni kwemishini yokudla nezinto zemishini, ikakhulukazi imishini yokudla kanye nezinto zokuxhumana zokudla, ngaphezu kokucabangela ukwakheka komshini jikelele ukuhlangabezana nezakhiwo zemishini ezifana namandla, ukuqina, ukumelana nokudlidliza, njll., kodwa futhi kudingeka ukhokhe. ukunaka lezi zimiso ezilandelayo:
Akufanele iqukathe izakhi eziyingozi empilweni yomuntu noma ukudla kungakhiqiza ukusabela kwamakhemikhali.
Kufanele ibe nokumelana okuphezulu nokugqwala nokugqwala.
Kufanele kube lula ukuyihlanza futhi ingagcinwa isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokushintsha umbala.
Kufanele ikwazi ukugcina izakhiwo ezinhle zemishini emazingeni okushisa aphezulu naphansi.
Ngokwale migomo engenhla, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto embonini yemishini yokudla yilezi:
Insimbi engagqwali
Insimbi engagqwali insimbi engagqwali ekwazi ukumelana nokugqwala emoyeni noma imidiya egqwala ngamakhemikhali.Ukwakheka okuyisisekelo kwensimbi engagqwali ingxubevange yensimbi-chromium kanye nensimbi-chromium-nickel ingxubevange, ngaphezu kwezinye izakhi kungenziwa wanezela, ezifana zirconium, titanium, molybdenum, manganese, platinum, tungsten, ithusi, nitrogen, njll .. Ngenxa yokwakheka okuhlukile, izakhiwo zokumelana nokugqwala zihlukile.I-iron ne-chromium yizici eziyisisekelo zensimbi engagqwali ehlukahlukene, umkhuba ufakazele ukuthi uma insimbi iqukethe i-chromium engaphezu kuka-12%, ingamelana nokugqwala kwemithombo yezindaba ehlukahlukene, okuqukethwe kwe-chromium okujwayelekile kwensimbi engagqwali akudluli ama-28%.Insimbi engagqwali inezinzuzo zokumelana nokugqwala, insimbi engagqwali, akukho ukushintsha kombala, akukho ukuwohloka kanye nokudla okunamathiselwe okulula ukukususa kanye nokushisa okuphezulu, izici zokushisa eziphansi zemishini, nokunye, ngakho-ke emishinini yokudla isetshenziswa kabanzi.Insimbi engagqwali isetshenziswa kakhulu emshinini wokucubungula ukudla amaphampu, ama-valve, amapayipi, amathangi, izimbiza, izishintshisi zokushisa, amadivaysi okuhlushwa, iziqukathi ze-vacuum, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphezu kwemishini yokucubungula ukudla, imishini yokuhlanza ukudla kanye nokuthutha ukudla, ukulondolozwa, isitoreji. amathangi futhi ngenxa yokugqwala yayo kuzothinta izinto zokuhlanzeka ukudla, futhi usebenzise insimbi engagqwali.
Insimbi
I-carbon steel evamile ne-cast iron ayikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala, kulula ukugqwala, futhi akufanele ixhumane ngqo nemidiya yokudla egqwalayo, evame ukusetshenziswa emishinini yokuthwala umthwalo wesakhiwo.I-ayoni nensimbi yizinto ezifanelekile zokugqoka ezifakwa ezintweni ezomile, ngoba ama-alloys e-iron-carbon angaba nezinhlaka ze-metallographic ezingagugi ngokulawula ukwakheka kwazo nokwelashwa kokushisa.I-ayoni ngokwayo ayinabungozi emzimbeni womuntu, kepha uma ihlangana ne-tannin nezinye izinto, izokhipha umbala wokudla.Ukugqwala kwe-ayoni kungadala umonakalo owenziwe emzimbeni womuntu uma kushibilika ekudleni.Izinto zensimbi nezensimbi zinezinzuzo zazo eziyingqayizivele ekumelana nokugqokwa, ukumelana nokukhathala, ukumelana nomthelela, njll. Ngakho-ke, zisasetshenziswa kabanzi emishinini yokudla eChina, ikakhulukazi imishini yokwenza ufulawa, imishini yokwenza i-pasta, imishini yokukhukhumeza, njll. Ensimbi esetshenzisiwe, inani elikhulu le-carbon steel, ikakhulukazi i-45 ne-A3 steel.Lezi zinsimbi zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezingxenyeni zesakhiwo semishini yokudla, kanti into esetshenziswa kakhulu yensimbi eyinsimbi iyinsimbi empunga, esetshenziswa esihlalweni somshini, i-press roll nezinye izindawo ezidinga ukudlidliza nokumelana nokugqoka.I-Ductile iron ne-white cast iron isetshenziswa lapho izakhiwo zemishini ziphezulu futhi ukumelana nokugqoka kuyadingeka, ngokulandelana.
Izinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi
Izinto zensimbi ezingenayo insimbi emishinini yokudla ngokuyinhloko ziyi-aluminium alloy, ithusi elihlanzekile ne-alloy yethusi, njll.Izinhlobo zokudla okusetshenziswa kuzo ingxubevange ye-aluminium ikakhulukazi ama-carbohydrate, amafutha, imikhiqizo yobisi nokunye.Kodwa-ke, ama-asidi e-organic nezinye izinto ezonakalisayo zingabangela ukugqwala kwe-aluminium ne-aluminium alloy ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.Ukugqwala kwe-aluminium ne-aluminium alloy emishinini yokudla, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuthinta impilo yesevisi yemishini, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto ezonakalisayo zibe ukudla futhi kubeke impilo yabantu engozini.I-copper ehlanzekile, eyaziwa nangokuthi ithusi elinsomi, ibonakala ngokushisa okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-thermal conductivity, ngakho-ke ivame ukusetshenziswa njengento ehambisa ukushisa, engase isetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokushintshanisa ukushisa.Nakuba ithusi linezinga elithile lokumelana nokugqwala, kodwa ithusi kwezinye izithako zokudla, njenge-vitamin C inomphumela olimazayo, ngaphezu kweminye imikhiqizo (njengemikhiqizo yobisi) futhi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kweziqukathi zethusi kanye nephunga.Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile ayisetshenziswa ngokuthintana ngqo nokudla, kodwa isetshenziswa ezintweni ezifana nezishintshisi zokushisa noma izifudumezi zomoya ezinhlelweni zesiqandisi.Ngokuvamile, imishini yokudla kanye nemishini, lapho sekunezinsimbi ezingeyona insimbi engenhla ukuze kwenziwe ukuthintana okuqondile nezingxenye zokudla noma izinto zokwakha, kuya ngokuya ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle zenhlanzeko ezizothathelwa indawo.
Okungeyona eyensimbi
Ekwakheni kwemishini yokudla, ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezinhle zensimbi, kodwa futhi nokusetshenziswa okubanzi kwezinto ezingezona ezensimbi.Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingezona ezensimbi emishinini yokudla nemishini ikakhulukazi kuyipulasitiki.Amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-polyethylenes, i-polypropylene, i-polystyrene, ipulasitiki ye-polytetrafluoroethylene kanye nepulasitiki ye-phenolic equkethe i-powder ne-fiber filler, ipulasitiki elaminethiwe, i-epoxy resin, i-polyamide, imininingwane ehlukahlukene yegwebu, ipulasitiki ye-polycarbonate, njll., ngaphezu kwezinhlobonhlobo zenjoloba yemvelo neyokwenziwa .Ekukhethweni kwemishini yokudla yepulasitiki kanye ne-polymer materials, kufanele kusekelwe endaweni yokudla ezidingweni zezempilo nezokuhlukaniswa kanye nezinhlinzeko ezifanele zeziphathimandla zezempilo kazwelonke kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu ukuze kuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuzikhethela.Ngokuvamile, lapho ukuxhumana okuqondile nokudla kwe-polymeric materials kufanele kuqinisekise ukuthi akunabuthi ngokuphelele futhi akunangozi kubantu, akufanele kulethe iphunga elibi ekudleni futhi kuthinte ukunambitheka kokudla, akufanele kuncibilike noma kuvuvukale endaweni yokudla, ingasaphathwa eyokudla. ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngokudla.Ngakho-ke, imishini yokudla akufanele isetshenziswe kuma-polymers amangqamuzana aphansi aqukethe amanzi noma aqukethe ama-monomers aqinile, ngoba ama-polymer anjalo avame ukuba nobuthi.Amanye amapulasitiki asebenza ekugugeni noma ekushiseni okuphezulu, njengokuvala inzalo yezinga eliphezulu lokushisa, angabolisa ama-monomer ancibilikayo futhi asakazekele ekudleni, ukuze ukonakala kokudla.
3, Ukukhethwa kwezimiso nezidingo zemishini yokudla
Amandla okukhiqiza amathuluzi kufanele ahlangabezane nezidingo zesikali sokukhiqiza.Ekukhetheni noma ekuklanyweni kwemishini, amandla ayo okukhiqiza ukuze avumelane namandla okukhiqiza ezinye izinto zokusebenza kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza, ukuze okokusebenza kube nokusebenza kahle kakhulu okusetshenziswayo, hhayi isikhathi sokugijima sincishiswe sibe sincane.
1, Ayikuvumeli ukucekelwa phansi kwezakhi zokusetshenziswa kokuqukethwe kwezakhi, kufanele futhi kwandise okuqukethwe kwezakhi.
2, Ayikuvumeli ukubhujiswa kokunambitheka kwasekuqaleni kwezinto ezingavuthiwe.
3, Ivumelana nenhlanzeko yokudla.
I-4, Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo okhiqizwe imishini kufanele ihlangabezane nezinga.
5, Ukusebenza okunokwenzeka, ngezinkomba ezifanele zobuchwepheshe nezomnotho.Izinto zokusebenza kufanele futhi zikwazi ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe namandla, noma zibe nesisetshenziswa sokugaywa kabusha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukukhiqiza kunezindleko eziphansi ze-zui.Ukungcoliswa okuphansi kwemvelo.
I-6, Ukuze kuqinisekiswe izimo zenhlanzeko zokukhiqizwa kokudla, le mishini nemishini kufanele kube lula ukukuhlakaza nokugeza.
7, Ngokuvamile, ukubonakala kosayizi womshini owodwa kuncane, isisindo esilula, ingxenye yokudlulisela ifakwe kakhulu ku-rack, kulula ukuyihambisa.
I-8, njengoba le mishini nemishini namanzi, i-asidi, i-alkali namanye amathuba okuxhumana amaningi, izidingo zezinto kufanele zikwazi ukuvimbela ukugqwala nokugqwala, nokuxhumana okuqondile nezingxenye zomkhiqizo, kufanele kusetshenziswe izinto zensimbi engagqwali. .Ama-motor kagesi kufanele akhethwe uhlobo olungafaka umswakama, futhi ikhwalithi yezingxenye zokuzithiba yinhle futhi inomsebenzi omuhle wokuvikela umswakama.
I-9, Ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zokukhiqizwa kwefekthri yokudla futhi ingabhala ngaphezulu, izidingo zemishini yayo nemishini kulula ukuyilungisa, kulula ukuguqula isikhunta, ukunakekelwa okulula, futhi ngangokunokwenzeka ukwenza umshini izinhloso eziningi.
I-10, Idinga le mishini nemishini iphephile futhi inokwethenjelwa, kulula ukuyiphatha, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, kulula ukuyikhiqiza kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuncane.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-01-2023